Smog_and_Smoke

✒ *Smog*

Smog is a type of air pollutant . The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog, its opacity, and odour. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog , a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, smoke or dirt particles and also less visible particles such as CFC's.
Human-made smog is derived from coal
emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions.
Modern smog, as found for example in Los Angeles, is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog . In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Lahore, Mexico City, Tehran and other cities are increased by inversion that. traps pollution close to the ground. It isusually very highly toxic to humans and cancause severe sickness, shortened life or death.

✒ *Smoke*

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis , together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including stoves , candles , oil lamps , and fireplaces), but may also be used for pest control (fumigation ), communication ( smoke signals), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military ( smoke screen ), cooking , or smoking ( tobacco, cannabis , etc.). Smoke is used in rituals where incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs. Smoke is also a component of internal combustion engine exhaust gas , particularly diesel exhaust. Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires . The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage,poisoning and pulmonary irritation caused by carbon monoxide , hydrogen cyanide and other combustion products.
Smoke is an aerosol (or mist) of solid
particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light. This effect has been likened to three-dimensional textured privacy glass [ citation needed ] — a smoke cloud does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it.

Topic-wise compiled pastpapers of Env. Science

History of Environmental Thought

2016. What is the Importance of the Report “Our Common Future” in the history of
Environmental Movement? What common threats were identified in the report and
what measures were suggested for the sustainability of the earth system?
2017. Discuss and comment on the social and economic dimensions of Agenda 21.
2018. What are the events that triggered the interest in bioremediation?
Sustainable Development Issues

2016. Discuss in detail the Environmental Implications of Demographic factors. Elaborate the
consequences of each Environmental Implication.
2016. Short note: Urban Heat Island Effect
2017. 2018. Short note: Carbon foot print
2017. What is the relation between poverty and food security?
2018. What are the Environmental impacts on food production
Climate Change

2016. How Technological Development leads to Climate Change and consequent change in
Natural and Societal Systems? Also furnish possible adaptation options to Climate
Change.
2016. Short notes: (1) CDM. (2) Carbon Sequestration
2017. What do you understand by climate and micro-climate?
2017. How do forest burning and land clearing affect the global climate?
2017. What impact would the changing climate have on the 'ecosystem in general' and
'coastal environment in particular'?
2018. What are drivers and indicators of Climate Change and how they affect the natural and
societal system.
2018. Short note: Ozone Depletion

Environmental Governance

2016. What are the salient features of the Environmental Policy of Pakistan? Discuss if
pertinent laws and institutions are existent and justifiably effective.
2016. What are salient requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change? Why there was a need for supplementary Kyoto Protocol? Elaborate
the controversies associated with the protocol.
2017. Trace the political history of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Do you think that the UNFCCC
(2015) conference in Paris was the next step in reaching an agreement on climate change?
2017. Discuss the global efforts that are currently in place to protect our ozone shield.
What evidence is there that such efforts have been effective?

Ali Raza
2017. What stands for CERCLA and why it is related with hazardous waste?
2017. Short note: Superfund
2018. What are the key factors of National Climate Change Policy 2012?
2018. Write a brief note on National Drinking Water Policy
2018. Short note: REDD+

Environmental Pollution

2016. Short notes: (1) Genetic Pollution (2) Impacts of Noise Pollution (3) Causes of
Desertification
2017. Short note: (1) E-waste (2) Eutrophication (3) Smog
2017. Which of the GHGs are the most significant contributors to the global warming? How
do they work? And what mitigation steps could be taken to stabilize the GHG content of the
atmosphere?
2018. Elaborate the concept of greenhouse effect and its importance to global on climate.
2017. How the hazardous material is defined, identified and differentiated from the toxic
material? Explain the environmental problems and health risks linked with the hazardous
waste.
2018. What is meant by smog? Explain the main causes of smog in Punjab. Summarise the
effect of key meteorological factors on dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2018. Short note: Desertification

Interdisciplinary nature of Environmental Science

2017. What is generic engineering or biotechnology and how it may affect the agriculture
and the environment
2018. Write a note on Environmental Geology.

Environmental Assessment and Management

2018. Give a brief about Environmental Impact Assessment stages? In the context of EIA, what
type of inform establishing a baseline?
2018. Discuss Briefly some Common Types Occupational Hazards.
2018. Short note: GIS & Remote
2016. Do you believe that Genders play their roles differently in Environmental Management
and Conservation? Discuss in detail the concept of “Ecofeminism” from international and
national perspective taking into consideration the gendered rights to resources.

Renewable Energy

2018. What are different steps in anaerobic treatment for biogas generation?
2018. Write a detail note on Alternative Energy Resources
2017. Short note: Energy from Biomass

Other

2018. Short note: Wetlands

The main features of the neo-realist/neo-liberal debate

1. Both agree that the international system is anarchic. Neo-realists say that anarchy puts more constraints on foreign policy and that neo-liberals minimize the importance of survival as the goal of each state. Neo-liberals claim that neo-realists minimize the importance of international
interdependence, globalization, and the regimes created to manage these interactions.

2. Neo-realists believe that international cooperation will not happen unless states make it happen. They feel that it is hard to achieve, difficult to maintain, and dependent on state power. Neo-liberals believe that cooperation is easy to achieve in areas where states have mutual interests.

3. Neo-liberals think that actors with common interests try to maximize absolute gains. Neo-realists claim that neo-liberals overlook the importance of relative gains. Neo-liberals want to maximize the total amount of gains for all parties involved, whereas the neo-realists believe that the fundamental goal of states in cooperative relationships is to prevent others from gaining more.

4. Neo-realists state that anarchy requires states to be preoccupied with relative power, security, and survival in a competitive international system. Neo-liberals are more concerned with economic welfare or international political economy issues and other non-military issue-areas such as international environmental concerns.

5. Neo-realists emphasize the capabilities (power) of state over the intentions and interests of states. Capabilities are essential for security and independence. Neo-realists claim that uncertainty about the intentions of other states forces states to focus on their capabilities. Neo-liberals emphasize intentions and preferences.

6. Neo-liberals see institutions and regimes as significant forces in international relations. Neo-realists state that neo-liberals exaggerate the impact of regimes and institutions on state behaviour. Neo-liberals claim that they facilitate cooperation, and neo-realists say that they do.

FPSC Custom Inspector Past Paper MCQs 2018

Q: The Inland Revenue Wing of the FBR is responsible to collect?
A. Income Tax
B. Sales Tax
C. Federal Excise Duty
D. All of the above taxes
Answer: Option D

Q: The most populous Muslim country in the world is?
A. Pakistan
B. Egypt
C. Indonesia
D. Iran
Answer: Option C

Q: Pakistan Fiscal year starts from?
A. 1st September
B. 1st January
C. 1st April
D. 1st July
Answer: Option D

Q: Which is a provincial tax in Pakistan?

A. Excise tax
B. Sales tax
C. Import Duty
D. Motors token tax
Answer: Option D

Q: Pakistan is located in the tropic zone of?
A. South
B. North
C. East
D. West
Answer: Option B

Q: There is how many chapters included in Income Tax Ordinance?

A. 11 Chapters
B. 12 Chapters
C. 13 Chapters
D. 14 Chapters
Answer: Options C

Q: Insert the missing Number 36,28,24,22?
A. 23
B. 19
C. 20
D. 21
Answer: Option D

Q: There is how many schedules included in Income Tax Ordinance 2001?

A. 9 Schedules
B. 6 Schedules
C. 7 Schedules
D. 9 Schedules
Answer: Option D

Q: Bird is to nest as a horse is to?
A. Ride
B. Stable
C. Gallop
D. Mare
Answer: Option B

Q: There is how many sections included in Income Tax Ordinance 2001?

A. 235 sections
B. 240 sections
C. 250 sections
D. 260 sections
Answer: Option B

Q: Zoo is to animals as an aquarium is to?
A. Alligator
B. Bird
C. Fish
D. Horse
Answer: Option C

Q: Corporate tax is levied on?

A. Landlord
B. Municipal corporation
C. Joint stock companies
D. Importers
Answer: Option C

Q: Who was known as engineer king of Mughal history?
A. Babar
B. Jahangir
C. Shah Jahan
D. Aurangzeb
Answer Option C

Q: Central Excise Act, 1944 was repealed by?

A. The Federal Excise Act, 2002
B. The Federal Excise Act, 2004
C. The Federal Excise Act, 2005
D. The Federal Excise Act, 2007
Answer: Option C

Q: “Al-Farooq” and “AL-Ghazali” are written by?
A. Hali
B. Shibli Nomani
C. Deputy Nazir Ahmad
D. None of above
Answer: Option B

Q: Name of Central Excise Duty has been changed as a Federal Excise Duty on?

A. 1st July, 2003
B. 1st July, 2005
C. 1st July, 2007
D. 1st July, 2008
Answer: Option B

Q: Abdur Rehman I was the conquer of __?
A. Spain
B. India
C. Iraq
D. Iran
Answer: Option A

Q: Inland Revenue Wing of the FBR was created, which is a combination of ___________ domestic taxes?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Answer: Option A

Q: Rothas Fort near Jhelum was constructed by?
A. Babur
B. Akbar
C. Sher Shah Suri
D. Muhammad Shah
Answer: Option C

Q: If we deduct direct tax from personal income, we get:

A. Net national income
B. Personal saving
C. Disposable income
D. Per capita income
Answer: Option C

Q: Umar Khayyam was a famous?
A. Poet
B. Politician
C. Jurist
D. Historian
Answer: Option A

Q: The largest part of national income is?

A. Consumption
B. Investment
C. Transfer payments
D. Saving
Answer: Option A

Q: Woodrow Wilson was a President of which country?
A. USA
B. Russia
C. Italy
D. France
Answer: Option A

Q: We measure national income by this method?

A. Expenditure Method
B. Income Method
C. Product Method
D. All of above
Answer: Option D

Q: Wilson’s famous fourteen points formulated on?
A. January 2,1918
B. January 8,1918
C. January 18,1918
D. None of above
Answer: Option B

Q: The International Atomic Agency (IAEA) was established on July 29,1957, its Headquarter in?
A. Vienna
B. New York
C. Paris
D. London
Answer: Option A

Q: The most important source of a government is?

A. Foreign loans
B. Taxes
C. Printing of new money
D. Sales of government property
Answer: Option B

Q: Silicon is a?
A. Conductor
B. Semiconductor
C. Polymers
D. None of above
Answer: Option B

Q: In Pakistan, taxes are levied by?

A. Prime minister
B. President
C. Federal Cabinet
D. National Assembly
Answer: Option D

Q: Indonesia is located on the bank of?
A. Indian Ocean
B. Arabian Ocean
C. Red Sea
D. Atlantic Sea
Answer: Option A

Q: D.F Mulla was a famous personality of Indo-Pak he relates to which?
A. Sociology
B. Literature
C. Law
D. History
Answer: Option C

Q: Jabir Bin Hayyan was famous in which branch of science?
A. Geography
B. Physics
C. Zoology
D. Chemistry
Answer: Option D

Q: Government finance is called?

A. National Finance
B. Public Finance
C. Private Finance
D. Both a and b
Answer: Option B

Q: A direct tax is that which:

A. Is heavy burden on the taxpayer
B. Cam be directly deposited in the banks
C. Cannot be evaded
D. Is paid by the person on whom it is levied
Answer: Option D

Q: The first satellite sent into space was?
A. Apollo
B. Poineer
C. Sputnik
D. Luna II
Answer: Option C

Q: By which country signed the “Defence Pact ” with Pakistan First?
A. Iran(1957)
B. Turkey (1957)
C. Saudi Arabia (1957)
D. Iraq (1957)
Answer: Option B

Q: In Pakistan, the government budget is prepared by?

A. National Assembly
B. President of Pakistan
C. Ministry of Finance
D. State Bank of Pakistan
Answer: Option C

Q: If government increases tax, private savings:

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Do not change
D. Will become zero
Answer: Option B

Q: When Tashkent Pact was signed?
A. January 10,1966
B. March 10,1966
C. April 10,1967
D. June 10,1968
Answer: Option A

Q: Who was the last Governor General of Pakistan?
A. Major General Skindar Mirza
B. Quaid e Azam
C. Liaquat Ali Khan
D. Ghulam Muhammad Khan
Answer: Option A

Q: Taxes on commodities are?

A. Direct taxes
B. Indirect taxes
C. Progressive taxes
D. Proportional taxes
Answer: Option B

Q: Govt. Prepared its budget:
A. Weekly
B. Monthly
C. Annually
D. Quarterly
Answer: Option C

Q: It is a direct tax?
A. Excise tax
B. Sale tax
C. Income tax
D. Custom duty
Answer: Option C

Q: Who was the first Commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army?
A. Major General Sir Douglas Gracy
B. Major General Azam khan
C. Lt. General Hayat khan
D. Frank Messervy
Answer: Option D

Q: When the name of Lyallpur was changed to Faisalabad?
A. September 1,1977
B. August 1, 1978
C. January 1,1979
D. March 1,1980
Answer: Option A

Q: In which city of Pakistan King George VI was crowned on May 6, 1937?
A. Lahore
B. Rawalpindi
C. Multan
D. Peshawar
Answer: Option C

Q: Which tax is not shared between central and provincial governments?
A. Excise tax
B. Sales tax
C. Custom duty
D. Property tax
Answer: Option D

Q: Which is a provincial tax in Pakistan?
A. Excise tax
B. Sales tax
C. Custom duty
D. Motor token tax
Answer: Option D

Q: The famous cultural place Harappa is situated near?
A. Multan
B. Lahore
C. Kasur
D. Sahiwal
Answer: Option D

Q: Identify the occasion with regard to “Yaum Furqan” in the history of Pakistan?
A. March 23,1940
B. August 14,1947
C. August 14.1973
D. None of above
Answer: Option A

Q: The budget estimate prepared by the ministry of finance is finally approved by?
A. State Bank
B. President
C. Senate
D. National Assembly
Answer: Option D

Q: Devaluation means:
A. Change in the currency of a country
B. Decrease in the value of gold
C. Decrease in the value of money in terms of foreign currency
D. Decrease in the value of money internally
Answer: Option C

Q: When the central Board of Revenue (CBR) was established?
A. 1st April, 1924
B. 7th April, 1924
C. 6th April, 1924
D. 9th April, 1924
Answer: Option A

Q: Masjid Wazir Khan situated in which city of Pakistan?
A. Peshawar
B. Karachi
C. Lahore
D. Faisalabad
Answer: Option C

Q: What is the highest civil award in Pakistan?
A. Nishan e Pakistan
B. Nishan e Haider
C. Sitra Khidmat
D. Nishan e Juriat
Answer: Option A

International Law Paper 2015

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN B.P.S. – 17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2015.

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
(Part I, MCQs) 30 Minutes - Maximum Marks: 20
(Part II) 2 Hours & 30 Minutes: Maximum Marks: 80

Note: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.
(iv) No page/space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
(v) Extra attempt of any questions or any part of the attempted question will not be considered.

PART-II

Q.2. What is the relationship between Positive Law Theory, Natural Law Theory and International Law? How these theories contributed in the evolution of International Law? (20)

Q.3. Explain the sources of International Law in the light of Article 38(1) of the Statute of International Court of Justice. (20)

Q.4. What is the difference between immunities and privileges of diplomats? What is its place in International Law? How it affects the functions and responsibilities of the diplomats? (20

Q.5. "Treaties are known by a variety of differing names, ranging from conventions, international agreements, pacts, general acts, and charters through to statutes, declarations and conventions.' Discuss in the light of laws of its formation, interpretation and termination. (20)

Q.6. What is the role of state recognition in the commencement of existence of a state? What are the rules that govern the issues that arise out of a state ceasing to exist? (20)

Q.7. Explain the rules which govern how an insurgency movement can become a subject of International Law. (20)

Q.8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following cases, discussing brief facts and important points of law: (20)
(a) Corfu Channel Case; (b) The Rainbow Warrior Case; (c) The Nottebohm Case.

Corfu Channel Case; United Kingdom Vs Albania 1946, International Law:

Facts/ background:
On May 15th. 1946 the British warships passed through the Channel without the approval of the Albanian government and were shot at. Later, on October 22nd, 1946, a squadron of British warships (two cruisers and two destroyers), left the port of Corfu and proceeded northward through a channel previously swept for mines in the North Corfu Strait.
Both destroyers were struck by mine and were heavily damaged. This incident resulted also in many deaths. The two ships were mined in Albanian territorial waters in a previously swept and check-swept channel.
After the explosions of October 22nd, the United Kingdom Government sent a note to the Albanian Government, in which it announced its intention to sweep the Corfu Channel shortly. The Albanian reply, which was received in London on October 31st, stated that the Albanian Government would not give its consent to this unless the operation in question took place outside Albanian territorial waters. Meanwhile, at the United Kingdom Government's request, the International Central Mine Clearance Board decided, in a resolution of November 1st, 1946, that there should be a further sweep of the Channel, subject to Albania's consent. The United Kingdom Government having informed the Albanian Government, in a communication of November 10th, that the proposed sweep would take place on November 12th, the Albanian Government replied on the 11th, protesting against this 'unilateral decision of His Majesty's Government'. It said it did not consider it inconvenient that the British fleet should undertake the sweeping of the channel of navigation, but added that, before sweeping was carried out, it considered it indispensable to decide what area of the sea should be deemed to constitute this channel, and proposed the establishment of a Mixed Commission for the purpose.
It ended by saying that any sweeping undertaken without the consent of the Albanian Government outside the channel thus constituted, i.e., inside Albanian territorial waters where foreign warships have no reason to sail, could only be considered as a deliberate violation of Albanian territory and sovereignty. After this exchange of notes, 'Operation Retail' took place on November 12th and 13th.
One fact of particular importance is that the North Corfu Channel constitutes a frontier between Albania and Greece, that a part of it is wholly within the territorial waters of these States, and that the Strait is of special importance to Greece by reason of the traffic to and from the port of Corfu.
Issues:
The British government claimed the minefield which caused the explosions was laid between May 15th, 1946, and October 22nd, 1946, by or with the approval or knowledge of the Albanian Government. Thus Albania was responsible for the explosions and loss of life and had to compensate the UK government.
In addition to the passage of the United Kingdom warships on October 22nd, 1946, the second question in the Special Agreement relates to the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on November 12th and 13th, 1946 when the British government carried out a minesweeping operation called 'Operation Retail' without the consent of Albania.
UK held the opinion the passage on October 22nd, 1946 was innocent and that according to rules of international law it had the right to innocent passage through the North Corfu Channel as it is considered part of international highways and does not need a previous approval of the territorial state.

The Albanian Government does not dispute that the North Corfu Channel is a strait in the geographical sense; but it denies that this Channel belongs to the class of international highways through which a right of passage exists, on the grounds that it is only of secondary importance and not even a necessary route between two parts of the high seas, and that it is used almost exclusively for local traffic to and from the ports of Corfu. Thus a previous approval of the territorial state is necessary.

1) Should the North Corfu Channel as it is considered part of international highways?
2) Is Albania responsible under international law for the explosions which occurred on the 22nd October 1946 in Albanian waters and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted from them and is there any duty to pay compensation?'
Analysis:
The court analyses the geographical situation of the channel connects two parts of the high seas and is in fact frequently being used for international navigation. Taking into account these various considerations, the Court concludes that the North Corfu Channel should be considered as belonging to the class of international highways through which an innocent passage does not need special approval and cannot be prohibited by a coastal State in time of peace.

The UK government claims that on October 22nd, 1946, Albania neither notified the existence of the minefield, nor warned the British warships of the danger they were approaching. According to the principle of state responsibility, they should have done all necessary steps immediately to warn ships near the danger zone, more especially those that were approaching that zone. In fact, nothing was attempted by the Albanian authorities to prevent the disaster. These grave omissions involve the international responsibility of Albania.
But Albania's obligation to notify shipping of the existence of mines in her waters depends on her having obtained knowledge of that fact in sufficient time before October 22nd; and the duty of the Albanian coastal authorities to warn the British ships depends on the time that elapsed between the moment that these ships were reported and the moment of the first explosion.

Conclusion of the court:

The Court therefore reaches the conclusion that Albania is responsible under international law for the explosions which occurred on October 22nd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted from them, and that there is a duty upon Albania to pay compensation to the United Kingdom.

In the second part of the Special Agreement, the following question is submitted to the Court:

(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republic by reason of the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the 22nd October and on the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is there any duty to give satisfaction?

Albania was in fact in war with Greece which means that the coastal state was not in time of peace. UK had not an innocent passage due to the way it was carried out. The court assessed the manner of UK warships after they had been shot at May 15th. Having thus examined the various contentions of the Albanian Government in so far as they appear to be relevant, the Court has arrived at the conclusion that the United Kingdom did not violate the sovereignty of Albania by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian waters on October 22nd, 1946.
The United Kingdom Government does not dispute that 'Operation Retail' was carried out against the clearly expressed wish of the Albanian Government. It recognizes that the operation had not the consent of the international mine clearance organizations, that it could not be justified as the exercise of a right of innocent passage, and lastly that, in principle, international law does not allow a State to assemble a large number of warships in the territorial waters of another State and to carry out minesweeping in those waters. The United Kingdom Government states that the operation was one of extreme urgency, and that it considered itself entitled to carry it out without anybody's consent.
The Court can only regard the alleged right of intervention as the manifestation of a policy of force, such as has, in the past, given rise to most serious abuses and such as cannot, whatever be the present defects in international organization, The United Kingdom Agent, in his speech in reply, has further classified 'Operation Retail' among methods of self-protection or self-help. The Court cannot accept this defense either find a place in international law.
Final conclusion of the court:

1) On the first question put by the Special Agreement of March 25th, 1948,

The court gives judgment that the People's Republic of Albania is responsible under international law for the explosions which occurred on October 22nd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage and loss of human life that resulted there from; and

Reserves for further consideration the assessment of the amount of compensation and regulates the procedure on this subject.

2) On the second question put by the Special Agreement on the violation of state sovereignty,

The court gives judgment that the United Kingdom did not violate the sovereignty of the People's Republic of Albania by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian waters on October 22nd, 1946; and unanimously, gives judgment that by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian waters in the course of the Operation of November 12th and 13th, 1946, the United Kingdom violated the sovereignty of the People's Republic of Albania, and that this declaration by the Court constitutes in itself appropriate satisfaction.


Source: InterNet

Islamyit Knowledge for Css

*♦Part 1♦*
( *By Shakeel Hussain Anjum Css Aspirant* )

✒He  is gthe incharge of protection and rain
👉 *Hazrat Meka’il (AS)*

✒Taurat  was revealed to
👉 *HAzrat  Musa (AS)*

✒Hijat-  ul – Wida took place in
👉 *632 A.D.*

✒How  many surahs start with the anme of the prophrt?
👉 *6*

✒Hazrat  Muhammad PBUH was born in?
👉 *571  A.D.*

✒What  is the number of Rajab in the Islamic calendar?
👉 *7th*

✒He  added second Azan for Friday prayer
👉 *Hazrat Usman(RA)*

✒The  Holy prophet (PBUH) was died in
👉 *11  A.H.*

✒Kaleem  Ullah was the tilte of the prophet
👉 *Musa(AS)*

✒The  importance of 27th of Rajb is due to
👉 *Shab- e- Miraj*

✒Hazrt  Abu Bakar (RA) entrusted the work of compilation of the Holy Quran  to
👉 *Hazrat  Zaid bin Sabit(RA)*

✒The  first Wahi consisted of
👉 *5 verses*

✒According  to the Islamic Law the share of wife in the property is
👉 *1/8 th*

✒Meekat  is the place where
👉 *Ahram is done*

✒The  literal meaning of Al Bary is
👉 *THE  MAKER*

✒He  introduced the jail system first time
👉 *Hazrat Umar(RA)*

✒The  Shurte police system was introduced by
👉 *Hazrat Umar(RA)*

✒Namaz-e-  kasoof is offered at the time of
👉 *solar  eclipse*

✒How  many rukus are there in Holy Quran
👉 *558*

✒Which  Sahabi died in the city of Damascus in
👉 *73  A.H.?*

✒Hazrat  Auf bin Malik
Where  is the tomb of hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jirrah?
👉 *Damascus*
➖➖➖♦♦♦➖➖➖