Peacekeeping Operations

1.    The word “peace” is used in many languages to indicate a range of activities and conditions related to individuals, families, society, and international matters.

*The Hebrew word “shalom” is a famous greeting of peace. *”Peace” is particularly contrasted to interstate war and conflict.

*Liberation, solidarity, strategy for value attainment 2.”Peace research” and “conflict resolution” are fields dealing with issues of peace in an academic or research environment.

*The causes of war

*Early research: Q. Wright, P. Sorokin, L. Richardson *Johan Galtung’s theory of “imperialism”

*Negative peace (absence of war) and positive peace (economic welfare, social justice, political freedom) *Special conditions of the Cold War, conditions after the Cold War

*A wide range of policies: from preparations for war and deterrence strategy to disarmament and peaceful resolution of conflicts

*Post-Cold War issues: preventive diplomacy and conflict prevention

3.Normative positions on peace and war *Pacifism

*Holy war

*Just war: jus in bello, jus ad bellum

*Conditions for just war: just cause; competent authority; comparative justice; right intention; last resort; probability of success; proportionality

8   E

4.Peace-building

*Conflict resolution

*Measures of confidence building and security building *Control of the arms trade

*Economic conversion (from military to civilian use) *Arms control, disarmament

5.United Nations peacekeeping operations

*Means available to the United Nations (Cf.: Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (July 17, 1992) and Supplement to An Agenda for Peace(January 3, 1995):

Preventive diplomacy

Peacemaking

Peace-keeping

Post-conflict peace-building

Disarmament

Sanctions

Enforcement action

*Consultation between the U.N. and national governments; cooperation between the U.N. and regional organizations (examples):

Consultation

Diplomatic support

Operational support

Co-deployment

Joint operations

*United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Contemporary peacekeeping operations Japan and peacekeeping forces