Realism



1. Assumptions

*Analytic unit: state is the principal actor.

*View of actor: state is unitary actor.

*Behavioral dynamic: in its foreign policy, the state is a rational actor seeking to maximize its own interest or objectives.

*Issues: national security issues are most important. 2. Precursors

*Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes

*Grotius: maintenance of order between states through norms of international law

*Clausewitz: a state’s military objectives are important, but subordinate to larger political objectives.
*E.H. Carr: The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919-1939

3. Power

*Definition: several elements

(1)     Absolute power and relative power

(2)     Static power and dynamic power

(3)     Resources and outcomes *Measurement
(1)     Characteristics (capabilities) of the state (e.g., Morgenthau’s)

(2)     Material factors, psychological factors

(3)     Is it really possible to presume a unitary state?

(4)     Universal measurements of power; power related to time, place, and issue




6   E

4. System

*The concept of balance

*System as distribution of characteristics vs. system as interaction

*Is the international system a large collection of bi-state relations (dyadic structure) or a condition of the whole?

*Anarchy and the structure of international relations *The principle of self-help *Rousseau’s stag hunt fable

5.    Vulnerability: imbalance between strong and weak actors *Military (science and technology, weapons, organization, scale, leadership)

*Examples: the Russian border; the U.S.A. in Latin America *Economic factors (food, oil, advanced technology): examples of the Great Depression and the Middle East *The hegemonic state: a source of peace and stability, or an object of fear and envy?

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